Focus to scroll.The Torah for reading in public must be written on the skin (parchment) of a clean animal, beast or fowl (comp. Lev. xi. 2 et seq.). The parchment must be prepared specially for use as a scroll, with gallnut and lime and other chemicals that help to render it durable (Meg. 19a). Every page was squared, and the lines were ruled with a stylus. Only the best black ink was used by means of a stick or quill; and the text was in square Hebrew characters.

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